Типы линолеума и их характеристика: Виды линолеума — все классификации линолеума, укладка

Какой бывает линолеум: разновидности и технические характеристики

Линолеум, пожалуй, наиболее демократичный вид напольного покрытия. Встретить его можно, как в фешенебельных загородных домах, так и в скромных городских квартирах. Он удачно гармонирует и с роскошью интерьера в стиле барокко, и с лаконичным, сдержанным хай-теком. Выбирают его как для жилых помещений, так и для школ, офисов и прочих общественных зданий. Мы настолько привыкли к этому виду напольного покрытия и даже не представляем, сколько различных предложений есть на рынке! Ну, вот доводилось ли вам слышать про гомогенный линолеум, или про алкидный? Не многие ответят утвердительно. Давайте разберемся, какие же разновидности линолеума существуют?

Линолеум тесно ассоциируется у нас с современным интерьером, но мало кто знает, что этому напольному покрытию уже более ста лет! В 1864 году Фредерик Уолтон получил патент на изобретение линолеума, который назвали так в честь основного сырья – льняного масла. С каждым годом производство расширялось, и теперь он превратился в популярное покрытие, которое поражает разнообразием расцветок и узоров. С его помощью можно имитировать дощатый пол, натуральный камень, ковер и даже металл.

Благодаря новым технологиям производства линолеума, на рынке появился большой ассортимент данной продукции, что значительно усложняет выбор. Какой же бывает линолеум: технические характеристики, виды и типы – давайте разберемся?

Существует множество разновидностей линолеума с разными эксплуатационными параметрами

Разновидности в зависимости от связующего вещества

При изготовлении любого линолеума применяется связующее вещество, в зависимости от него выделяют такие виды линолеума:

• Натуральный линолеум – качественное напольное покрытие для бытового и коммерческого использования. Изготовлен он из исключительно натуральных компонентов. В состав смеси из льняного масла, смолы, древесной и известняковой муки, живицы, измельченной пробки и т.д. могут вноситься натуральные пигменты. Использовать данное покрытие можно где угодно: от детских садов, до медицинских учереждений и квартир. Его структура позволяет выдерживать нагрузку 160 кг на 1 см квадратный. К недостаткам натурального линолеума относят достаточно скудную цветовую палитру и высокую стоимость.
• Поливинилхлоридный линолеум (ПВХ) – изготавливают их полимерных материалов. Он изготавливается из искусственных материалов, но проходит жесткий контроль качества и тестируется на безопасность, что позволяет без риска для здоровья стелить его даже в спальнях. Он может иметь несколько слоев, или быть однослойным, на основе или без. Основа может быть вспененная, тканевая и теплоизолирующая. Плюсом данного линолеума выступит доступная цена, разнообразие цветовых решений, а вот к минусам отнесем чувствительность к химикатам и перепадам температур.
• Алкидный или глифталевый линолеум обладает хорошими тепло- и звукоизоляционными характеристиками. Выпускается чаще всего на тканевой основе. К недостаткам относят хрупкость, предрасположенность к появлению заломов, деформации и плохую реакцию на низкие температуры (теряет эластичность, коробится).
• Релин (резиновый линолеум) прочен, эластичен и влагостоек. Изготавливают его из синтетического каучука и битума. Нижний слой – смесь битума и измельченной утилизированной резины, верхний – из цветной резины. В силу гигиенических требований, в жилых помещениях он не применяется, зато отлично подходит для производственных.
• Коллоксилиновый линолеум (основа — нитроцеллюлоза). Данный линолеум – характеристики которого  влагостойкость и эластичность – обладает высокими декоративными свойствами, красивым блеском, но, в то же время, пожароопасен, склонен к усадке, чувствителен к колебаниям температур.

Гомогенный и гетерогенный линолеум

Гомогенный линолеум – однородное по структуре полотно, толщиною от 1,5 до 3 мм. Он не отличается разнообразием рисунков, чаще всего однотонный или с простым рисунком. Благодаря тому, что по всей толщине он имеет однородный цвет, долго выглядит как новый, следы истирания на нем практически незаметны. Из-за отменных эксплуатационных характеристик и повышенной износостойкости такое покрытие активно используют в помещениях с повышенными нагрузками на пол: в аэропортах, общественных зданиях, магазинах, прихожих и холлах.Время от времени этот линолеум требует специального ухода: его нужно покрывать мастикой, которая заполняет поры. Это препятствует интенсивному загрязнению покрытия и позволяет ему сохранить презентабельный вид в течении длительного времени. Некоторые производители сразу наносят на линолеум специальную полиуретановую пленку.

Гетерогенные покрытия имеют сложную, многослойную структуру. Толщина может варьироваться от 2 до 6 мм. Такое покрытие дороже в производстве и требует более сложных технологий. Состав отдельных слоев может значительно отличаться, так же как толщина защитного слоя, от которого зависит износостойкость и сохранение яркости цветов и рисунка. Кроме того, что этот линолеум может порадовать разнообразием расцветок, он еще и практичен, устойчив к повреждениям.

Разновидности линолеума в зависимости от применения

В зависимости от того, в какой области применяется ПВХ – линолеум, различают коммерческий, полукоммерческий, бытовой и спецлинолеум.

В зонах, в которых число посетителей велико (в магазинах, на вокзалах, ресторанах, кинотеатрах и т.д.) используют коммерческий линолеум, характеристики которого позволяют ему отлично справляться с нагрузками. Коммерческий (либо контрактный) линолеум разрабатывался с целью создания недорогого, привлекательного и долговечного напольного покрытия, которое бы не уступало по износоустойчивости традиционным материалам. Его существенное преимущество – цена, простота укладки и широкие возможности для оригинального оформления пола.

Коммерческий линолеум настилают в зонах, которые испытывают большую нагрузку по числу посетителей

Бытовой линолеум используют для настилания в жилых помещениях, поэтому к его эксплуатационным свойствам требования не так велики. Зато пристальное внимание уделяется разнообразным дизайнерским решениям. Эти покрытия имеют не слишком большой защитный слой, но зато обладают отличными свойствами тепло- и звукоизоляции.

Полукоммерческий линолеум занял положение между коммерческим и бытовым. Линолеум полукоммерческий характеристики имеет очень положительные и будет уместен там, где нагрузка на напольное покрытие не слишком высока, но все же значительна.

Специальный линолеум предназначается для помещений, к которым предъявляют особые требования. Ему задают определенные специфические свойства: устойчивость к низким температурам, к агрессивной среде и т.д. Данные покрытия используют, например, в больницах, лабораториях, спортзалах и прочих местах.

Как выбрать правильное покрытие?

Итак, вы твердо решили, что на вашем полу будет красоваться линолеум. Осталось выбрать подходящий. Понятно, что сначала внимание привлекут цвет и дизайн. Но, прежде чем совершать покупку, необходимо определить, соответствует ли приглянувшийся линолеум вашим требованиям:

• Не лишним будет посмотреть гигиенический сертификат, или поискать на этикетке знаки, которые говорят о том, что продукт прошел экспертизу, подтвердившую его экологическую чистоту.
• Определите, покрытие какого класса вам необходимо. Можно узнать об этом у продавца-консультанта или в специальном каталоге.
• Обратите внимание на толщину тыльного слоя линолеума, от него зависит звуко- и теплоизоляция и устойчивость к деформациям. Чем толще слой – тем теплее пол, определить толщину можно на глаз. Плотность определяют, надавив на линолеум пальцами, чем меньше изменится толщина под нажимом, тем плотность основы выше и устойчивее к точечным нагрузкам.
• Узнайте, какой ширины бывает линолеум, поскольку от этого зависит, получится ли обойтись без швов. Oбычно, ширина рулона линолеума составляет от 2 до 4 м (реже 5 м). Стандартные размеры – 2, 2,5, 3 и 4 м. Выбирая ширину линолеума, ориентируйтесь на размер помещения. Например, для комнаты 3х6 м идеально подойдет трехметровый линолеум. А для коридора, шириной 1,5 метра, нужно будет обрезать даже узкий рулон.
• Для дачников идеальным выбором станет линолеум с основой из ПВХ, продублированной полиэстером. Объясняется это тем, что ПВХ плохо переносит морозы и перепады температур, а полиэстер сглаживает этот недостаток.
• Выбирая линолеум для кухни, стоит обратить внимание на образцы с дополнительным лаковым покрытием, которое значительно облегчает уборку и предотвращает проникновение грязи в структуру линолеума.
• Антибактериальный защитный слой может быть актуален, как для кухни, так и для детской. При контакте с влагой, он выделяет ионы серебра, обладающие, как известно, антибактериальными свойствами.

Обычно подобные достоинства производителями не скрываются, поэтому стоит внимательно читать этикетку. Определившись с данными параметрами, можно остановить свое внимание на цветовой гамме и рисунке линолеума. Они должны соответствовать назначению помещения. Например, гостиная в теплых, натуральных оттенках располагает к отдыху, спокойному общению, а выполненная в интенсивных холодных тонах – придает энергию, создает бодрый настрой. Яркий контрастный рисунок взбодрит, а монотонный, ненавязчивый — успокоит. Холодноватые и светлые оттенки зрительно увеличат пространство, теплые сделают помещение более уютным.

Нужно обратить внимание на толщину тыльного слоя линолеума

Использование линолеума предоставляет очень широкую свободу в оформлении любого интерьера

Узнав немного больше про линолеум: какой бывает, его характеристики и свойства, думаю, вы сможете легко выбрать подходящий. Ведь использование линолеума предоставляет очень широкую свободу в оформлении любого интерьера. Производители выводят на рынок все новые актуальные коллекции, которые позволяют сделать любое помещение уникальным.

Оцените статью: Поделитесь с друзьями!90000 Types of education and their characteristics ▷ Legit.ng 90001 90002 90003 People always say that we never stop learning as long as we are alive. Sometimes we are not even aware that we are being schooled. Education comes to us in all shapes and forms. But what are the types of education? To find an answer to this question, continue reading this article. In it, we will tell you about different types of education and their characteristics. 90004 90005 90002 Types of education 90005 90008 90002 There are various ways to categorize different types of education.The categorization depends on your standpoint. 90005 90002 If you choose to categorize it by educational institutions, you get preschool, primary, secondary and tertiary (higher) education. 90005 90002 If you go by goals (what people are going to use their education for), you get government (otherwise known as conveyor belt), professional and leadership education. 90005 90002 Some people also split education as a whole into traditional, liberal (or progressive) and transformative education.90005 90002 There are plenty of other classifications out there in the world. However, the most popular classification is the division of education into formal, informal and non-formal education. Below, you can find an in-depth look at types of education and their meaning. 90005 90002 Formal education definition 90005 90021 90002 Formal education is a formal and systematic approach to education. We all encounter this type of education in schools, universities and other institutions in the education system.90005 90002 Five main characteristics of formal education 90005 90002 ★ Formal education has an end goal. Each educational institution has its own purpose. Education is received through direct instructions, tuition and schooling. 90005 90002 ★ It has a time frame and strict regulations. This means that each educational institution has limited time to teach you a set amount of things. It can not be changed or prolonged. For example, if secondary school lasts six years, you can not stretch it into seven.However, it works backwards: you can test out and shrink it to five years if you are very intelligent. 90005 90030 90002 ★ Formal education relies on a systematic and well-defined curriculum. The curriculum is created with particular objectives in mind. The objectives are usually set by the government. 90005 90002 ★ In formal education, teachers need to be specially qualified and to give efficient instructions. 90005 90002 ★ Formal education institutions instill strict discipline on the students.Both the teacher and the student realize that they are engaged in the education process and both know their duties. 90005 90002 Curriculum meaning 90005 90002 Most of the aims of formal education are pretty straightforward. There is a limited amount of time and a set of goals to achieve. But what is a curriculum? 90005 90002 Well, curriculum is the name for the academic content and lessons that are taught in an educational institution or in a program or course. 90005 90002 In a broader sense of the word, curriculum encompasses the skills and knowledge that students should earn in their lessons.This includes the learning units and objectives, the teachers ‘assignments and materials to complete these assignments. 90005 90002 Fun fact: 90005 90002 There is also such a thing as a hidden curriculum. This term means the things that children learn in schools outside of their lesson plans. This includes implicit messages that are hidden in the way how teachers teach their subjects, or how the schoolbooks talk about certain things and avoid talking about others. We usually do not notice these subtle lessons, hence the name, hidden curriculum.90005 90002 Informal education definition 90005 90051 90002 90003 READ ALSO: 90004 Education in Nigeria: old and new curriculum 90005 90002 Somewhat similar to the hidden curriculum, informal education also happens outside of the structured curriculum. In other words, informal education is the process through which a person gains knowledge outside of the strict confinements of formal education. 90005 90002 Five main characteristics of informal education 90005 90002 ★ It is spontaneous and incidental, it can happen anywhere and at any time.Usually, no conscious effort is involved in the informal education. For example, a parent can use a real-life situation to teach their child a lesson, all in real time. 90005 90002 ★ People involved in informal education are usually very motivated to learn and to teach. For instance, a kid who could not beat a level in a videogame asks for advice from their peer who has already beaten the whole game. Both are obviously interested in the subject; one is eager to share their knowledge and the other wants to learn about the proper playing method.90005 90002 ★ There are no strict regulations whatsoever. No timetables, no curriculums, no homework. Most of the learning happens through regular social interactions that are not confined to any set rules. 90005 90002 ★ There is no organization or institution behind informal education. Anyone can be a teacher, as well as anyone can be a student. 90005 90002 ★ Informal education is essential for children in their early years. Despite not being recognised by many academics, the importance of informal education can not be understated.Without it, we would not be able to function properly in society, or even function at all. 90005 90002 Non-formal education definition 90005 90072 90002 And last, but certainly not least, there is non-formal education. It refers to educational practices that are not a part of the formal or informal education. To make it clear, any courses or programs that take place outside of schools, universities and other educational institutions, belong to the realm of non-formal learning. 90005 90002 Five main characteristics of non-formal education 90005 90002 ★ This type of education is completely voluntary.A person chooses what he wants to study and where, without any unnecessary lessons and courses. It might be free of charge or require additional costs. 90005 90002 ★ Non-formal education can be full-time, as well as part time. Students are usually able to combine work and study with minimal losses. 90005 90002 ★ Non-formal education encourages discussion. It does not demand from students to accept the information they learn at face value. It stimulates them to question everything they are given.Teachers are on the same level as students. Self-learning is also rewarded. 90005 90002 ★ It is more similar to formal education than informal, as it is usually structured, planned and has a set of goals. Although all of these things are slightly more flexible. The main difference between formal and non-formal education is that the latter exists outside of educational institutions. 90005 90002 ★ The other difference is that formal education is often too outdated and distanced from the real world.Non-formal education helps people gain useful skills that they have not gotten a chance to learn through formal or informal education. 90005 90002 And that is all on the types of education and their characteristics! We hope that this article has been useful for you. And remember: it is best to enjoy all three of these types of education to achieve the best results. Stay curious and never stop learning! 90005 90002 90003 READ ALSO: 90004 IMSU school fees for non — indigenes and indigenous students 2017 90005 90002 90094 90095 90005.90000 How to choose a coating: Vinyl 90001 90002 When choosing linoleum, we often hear about such a concept as «class». What does this mean and which class of linoleum is better? We will deal with the experts of B.I.G. 90003 90004 How to: linoleum class or room class? 90005 90002 In fact, classes do not apply to floor coverings, but to rooms where these coverings will be laid. 90003 90002 To indicate which class of premises this or that coating is suitable for, 90003 90002 manufacturers supply their products with special labeling.On the packaging are two-digit digital indices — 21, 22, 33, 41, etc. 90003 90002 The first digit encodes the type of room, which corresponds to a specific type of coverage. «2» — residential premises, «3» — public, «4» — industrial. 90003 90002 In the second — the degree of intensity of use. From low — «1» to very high — «4». 90003 90002 90017 90003 90004 Classification of premises 90005 90002 The generally accepted European classification — both for linoleum and other floor coverings — divides them according to their suitability for laying in rooms with varying degrees of floor load.90003 90002 90003 90002 On a note! The flooring for a room with a high class can be laid in rooms with a lower class. For example, class 32 linoleum can be used indoors in a class below. Thus, the FORUM and ULTRA collections are perfect for home, especially if the family has children who like to play cars, or big dogs. 90003 90002 90028 90017 90003 90002 90032 Design FLOREDITA 3 90033 90003 90004 Classification of linoleum types 90005 90002 In addition to the class of the room where the coating is mounted, linoleum manufacturers use an additional classification.90003 90002 It is based on the thickness of the protective layer — transparency. It is he who is responsible for the wear resistance and abrasion of linoleum. 90003 90002 Depending on the thickness of the transparency, the following types of linoleum are distinguished — household, semi-commercial (or «easy commerce») and commercial. 90003 90002 On a note! It is quite difficult to visually distinguish household linoleum from commercial. Therefore, before buying, study the characteristics on the manufacturer’s website or consult with the seller to know exactly whether you chose the linoleum that you wanted.90003 90002 90046 90003 90002 90032 Design LIVERPOOL 4 90033 90003 90004 Household linoleum 90005 90002 Transparency thickness — up to 0.4 mm. 90003 90002 Where it is used — premises of classes 21, 22, 23 (residential) and 31 (public with low load intensity). 90003 90002 In the household linoleum segment, B.I.G. offers a wide range — from high-end products to budget options. 90003 90002 Among the latter, it is worth highlighting the FLASH collection for class 21 rooms with a wide variety of designs and the HOLIDAY collection for class 23 with a deep embossed pattern.90003 90002 The so-called improved household linoleum deserves special attention. In it, the transparent layer is increased to 0.3-0.4 mm. Thanks to which it is allowed to be placed in rooms up to 32 class. And when used in residential premises of 21-23 classes, it will have a longer service life. 90003 90002 Collections on the duplicated basis — FORUM, ULTRA and GLORY are considered the favorite for sales among improved household linoleum. They are distinguished by a beautiful pattern with a «living structure» imitating natural materials, as well as comfort, good heat and noise insulation and high resistance to temperature extremes.90003 90002 90067 90003 90002 90032 Design ARES 4 90033 90003 90004 Semi-commercial linoleum, or «easy commerce» 90005 90002 The thickness of the transparency is from 0.4 to 0.6 mm inclusive. 90003 90002 Where used — public and office premises of 31-33 classes, as well as industrial premises of 41 classes. 90003 90002 Semi-commercial linoleum is characterized by increased density due to the special formulation of the raw materials used, as well as good abrasion resistance due to the increased thickness of the transparent layer.90003 90002 Since products of the «easy commerce» category can be used in preschool educational premises, special «children’s» designs with funny cartoon drawings were created — the VECTOR PROFI brand collection. 90003 90002 As for shopping and business centers, a collection of semi-commercial SIRIUS linoleum with PVC chips that create a flicker effect has been specially developed for them. 90003 90002 90032 90087 90033 90003 90002 90032 Design VENETTO 2 90033 90003 90004 Commercial linoleum 90005 90002 Transparency thickness — from 0.7 mm and above. 90003 90002 Where used — 34 class public and office premises and production rooms of classes 41, 42, 43. 90003 90002 Its main features are high material density, transparency thickness and a wide variety of products for the specific needs of industrial premises. Thanks to this, commercial linoleum is suitable for different types of premises: from medical institutions to industrial workshops for the assembly of heavy equipment. 90003 90002 On a note! The perception of «the thicker the more reliable» is erroneous.For example, household linoleum reaches a thickness of 4.8 mm, while commercial linoleum with a protective layer of 0.7 mm has a total thickness of only 2 mm. However, it is the protective layer that ensures the resistance of linoleum to abrasion, therefore for public and industrial premises a thinner commercial linoleum with thick transparency will be a more reliable solution than a thick household one. 90003 90002 Among commercial coating options, linoleum with antistatic properties is found — it is in demand for laying in rooms with sensitive electronic equipment.In addition, there are products for rooms with high acoustic requirements, linoleum for sports facilities and vehicles. 90003 90002 An additional important property of products for the commercial and semi-commercial segments is the fire hazard level of linoleum. So, the collections PREMIUM (class 43 of premises) and PREMIUM AS are linoleum with a high fire safety class KM2. 90003 90002 What is the fire safety class of a coating? 90003 90002 Floor coverings are tested according to 4 parameters — smoke formation, flame spread, flammability and toxicity.90003 90002 According to the test results, linoleum is assigned classes KM2, KM3, KM4, KM5. 90003 90002 Of all the classes, KM2 is separately distinguished. The presence of this characteristic is especially important for public and industrial premises. For residential, this is not considered critical. 90003 90004 To summarize 90005 90002 1. Classes do not apply to flooring, but to rooms. 90003 90002 2. The class of the room is indicated by a two-digit digital index, where the first digit is the type of room, the second is the degree of intensity of use.90003 90002 3. Linoleum, in turn, depending on the thickness of the protective layer is divided into household, light commerce and commercial. 90003 90002 4. In order to choose the right coating, it is important to choose not the class of linoleum, as it is mistakenly believed, but the class of the room, and only then determine your requirements for the properties and behavior of the product during operation . 90003 .90000 Types of genotype and their characteristics in human beings ▷ YEN.COM.GH 90001 90002 90003 It is an essential requirement for people to care about their health, but ironically not many can define what a genotype is. Simply defined, a genotype is the entirety of the genetic constitution of a human being. It encompasses the genetic makeup of either a single or group of organisms concerning a single trait, set of attributes, or even a totality complex of characters. In simple terms, it is a person’s complete heritable genetic identity transmitted from parents through genes.There are many types of genotype, and they all have something to do with a person’s blood group. 90004 90005 90006 90002 Image: instagram.com @painlessuniversal 90008 Source: Instagram 90005 90002 A genotype is something all individuals should know and even take into consideration when choosing a life partner. This is because there may arise compatibility issues which may lead to devastating effects during and after conception. Since you do not want to conceive children with sickle cell anemia and other health complications, you should check blood group compatibility with your partner before making the big decision to bring children into this world.90005 90012 How genotypes come about 90013 90002 What is genotype? To understand what it is first, you have to know all about genes and chromosomes. Genes are found in chromosomes. Chromosomes are tightly-packed DNA structures found in the cell nucleus. They come in pairs in organisms that reproduce sexually. 90005 90002 One chromosome comes from the male, while the other comes from the female. Similarly, there are two copies of genes present in a chromosome, one from each parent. Different versions of a gene are called alleles, and when alleles are inherited from parents, they form what is known as a genotype.90005 90012 Types of genotype and their characteristics 90013 90002 A person’s specific traits are determined by a combination of alleles situated on corresponding chromosomes. Biological tests and not observations are the only determiners. A genotype example can be the genes responsible for traits such as a person’s shoe size, voice, eye color, hair color, and even diseases. 90005 90002 There are six types of genotype in human beings, and they result in some of the physical characteristics of a person.They are distinguished based on the alleles that a person has. These are: 90005 90012 Relationship between blood types and genotypes 90013 90002 Typically, a blood test is conducted to determine whether the A or B characteristics are present in a blood sample. A blood test alone can not determine either type A or type B. A blood type A individual has at least one copy of the A allele, but they could also have two copies. Such a person can have AA or AO. 90005 90002 A blood type of type AB or O is more informative when determining the group.A person with blood type AB automatically has both the A and B alleles, and therefore, it is AB. A person with blood type O, on the other hand, has neither the A nor the B allele, and the resultant is OO. 90005 90012 Importance of knowing your genotype 90013 90032 90002 The knowledge of hemoglobin genotype is relevant when choosing a life partner to avoid compatibility issues that may result in devastating effects relating to conception. This is why it is essential to ask questions such as how many types of genotype are there and what is their compatibility.90005 90002 People with sickle cells experience episodes of severe pains in body parts where oxygen flow is compromised because of blockage in the blood vessels. People with genotype AA are safe to marry individuals with any of the others. AS is compatible with AA, AS, and AS, AS and AC are too risky since two sickle cells should avoid conception. Below is a comprehensive compatibility chart: 90005 90002 AA + AA = AA, AA, AA, AA (Excellent) 90005 90002 AA + AS = AA, AS, AA, AS, (Good) 90005 90002 AA + SS = AS, AS, AS, AS, (Fair) 90005 90002 AA + AC = AA, AA, AA, AC.(Good) 90005 90002 AS + AS = AA, AS, AS, SS, (Very Bad) 90005 90002 AS + SS = AS, SS, SS, SS, (Very Bad) 90005 90002 AS + AC = AA, AC, AS , SS. (Bad; Advice needed) 90005 90002 SS + SS = SS, SS, SS, SS, (Very Bad) 90005 90002 AC + SS = AS, AS, SS, SS, (Very Bad) 90005 90002 AC + AC = AA, AC, AC, SS. (Bad; Advice needed) 90005 90012 Difference between genotype and phenotype 90013 90002 Even though the two might sound the same and are related, they mean different things. While genotype refers to the set of genes in the DNA of an organism responsible for a particular trait, on the other hand, phenotype, is described as the physical expression, or characteristics of that trait.Phenotypes can be determined just by observing things such as height, hair color, and eye color, and so on. 90005 90012 Types of sickle cell genotype 90013 90002 Sickle cell anemia is caused by a gene mutation of the red blood cells that makes them be shaped like a crescent moon. This gene is inherited, so it means one can only have the disease if both parents transfer the genes to a child. If a child has only one of the genes, he / she is said to have sickle cell traits. Here are the common types of sickle cell disease: 90005 90065 90066 90003 Hemoglobin SS 90004: It is the most common of the sickle cell diseases and is caused by a child inheriting copies of the hemoglobin S gene from the father and mother.90069 90066 90003 Hemoglobin SC: 90004 Not as common as the first one and occurs when a child inherits the hemoglobin C gene from one parent and hemoglobin S gene from the other parent. 90069 90066 90003 Hemoglobin SB + thalassemia 90004: The disease inhibits beta-globin gene production, and the subsequent reduction in the production of beta proteins results in a reduction of the size of the red blood cells. 90069 90066 90003 Hemoglobin SB 0 thalassemia 90004: This disease is sporadic and is caused by the beta-globin gene.90069 90082 90002 Genotypes are significant to human beings as they determine such things as resistance to diseases, reaction to certain drugs, development of immunity, and the features that shape an individual. The types of genotype influence your phenotype, thus having an impact on your traits. You should, therefore, make a point of discovering your type to avoid compatibility issues when picking a partner. 90005 90002 90003 Disclaimer: 90004 All the information contained in this article is not implied or intended to be a substitute for any professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.All content inclusive of images, graphics, and information contained on or available through this page is for general information purposes. 90005 90002 90090 90091 90005 90003 Subscribe to watch new videos 90004 90002 90003 READ ALSO 90004: Best blood group compatibility for marriage 90005.90000 Characteristics and Features of Language — NEOEnglish 90001 90002 Language is, today, an inseparable part of human society. Human civilization has been possible only through language. It is through language only that humanity has come out of the stone age and has developed science, art and technology in a big way. Language is a means of communication, it is arbitrary, it is a system of systems. We know that Speech is primary while writing is secondary. 90003 90002 90005 Language is human so it differs from animal communication in several ways.Language can have scores of characteristics but the following are the most important ones: language is arbitrary, productive, creative, systematic, vocalic, social, non-instinctive and conventional. These characteristics of language set human language apart from animal communication. Some of these features may be part of animal communication; yet they do not form part of it in total. 90003 90002 90008 90009 Language is Arbitrary 90010 90011: Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no inherent relation between the words of a language and their meanings or the ideas conveyed by them.There is no reason why a female adult human being be called a woman in English, aurat in Urdu, Zen in Persian and Femine in French. The choice of a word selected to mean a particular thing or idea is purely arbitrary but once a word is selected for a particular referent, it comes to stay as such. It may be noted that had language not been arbitrary, there would have been only one language in the world. 90003 90002 90008 90009 Language is Social 90010 90011: Language is a set of conventional communicative signals used by humans for communication in a community.Language in this sense is a possession of a social group, comprising an indispensable set of rules which permits its members to relate to each other, to interact with each other, to co-operate with each other; it is a social institution. Language exists in society; it is a means of nourishing and developing culture and establishing human relations. 90003 90002 90008 90009 Language is Symbolic 90010 90011: Language consists of various sound symbols and their graphological counterparts that are employed to denote some objects, occurrences or meaning.These symbols are arbitrarily chosen and conventionally accepted and employed. Words in a language are not mere signs or figures, but symbols of meaning. The intelligibility of a language depends on a correct interpretation of these symbols. 90003 90002 90008 90009 Language is Systematic 90010 90011: Although language is symbolic, yet its symbols are arranged in a particular system. All languages ​​have their system of arrangements. Every language is a system of systems. All languages ​​have phonological and grammatical systems, and within a system there are several sub-systems.For example, within the grammatical system we have morphological and syntactic systems, and within these two sub-systems we have systems such as those of plural, of mood, of aspect, of tense, etc. 90003 90002 90008 90009 Language is Vocal 90010 90011: Language is primarily made up of vocal sounds only produced by a physiological articulatory mechanism in the human body. In the beginning, it appeared as vocal sounds only. Writing came much later, as an intelligent attempt to represent vocal sounds.Writing is only the graphic representation of the sounds of the language. So the linguists say that speech is primary. 90003 90002 90008 90009 Language is Non-instinctive, Conventional 90010 90011: No language was created in a day out of a mutually agreed upon formula by a group of humans. Language is the outcome of evolution and convention. Each generation transmits this convention on to the next. Like all human institutions languages ​​also change and die, grow and expand. Every language then is a convention in a community.It is non-instinctive because it is acquired by human beings. No body gets a language in heritage; he acquires it because he an innate ability. 90003 90002 90008 90009 Language is Productive and Creative 90010 90011: Language has creativity and productivity. The structural elements of human language can be combined to produce new utterances, which neither the speaker nor his hearers may ever have made or heard before any, listener, yet which both sides understand without difficulty. Language changes according to the needs of society.90003 90002 Finally, language has other characteristics such as 90050 Duality 90051 referring to the two systems of sound and meaning, 90050 Displacement 90051 which means the ability to talk across time and space, 90050 Humanness 90051 which means that animals can not acquire it, 90050 Universality 90051 which refers to the equilibrium across humanity on linguistic grounds, 90050 Competence 90051 and 90050 Performance 90051 which means that language is innate and produced is society and furthermore, language is culturally transmitted.It is learnt by an individual from his elders, and is transmitted from one generation to another. Thus using J. Firth’s term, language is a ‘90050 polysystametic 90051’. It is also open to be studied from multifaceted angles. 90003 90065 Like this: 90066 90002 Like Loading … 90003.